Essay Do not remove this line
Short description
Draft topics
AfC topic
Solar panel, solar electric panel, photo-voltaic (PV) module or solar cell panel is an assembly of photo-voltaic cells mounted in a framework for installation. Solar panels use sunlight as a source of energy to generate direct current electricity.
9BB is a technology of solar panels. Compared with the 5BB that has the majority on the market, the 9BB is not that famous but is the latest technology. More busbars aims to reduce resistive losses by reducing the amount of current that flows in both the fingers and the busbars. As more busbars are printed on a wafer, the space between them shortens, shortening the length that current flows in the fingers which is a large source of series resistance losses.<ref>
access-date=2022-04-27
</ref>
Content
1 History
2 Theory and appliance
2.1 Busbar
2.2 Fingers
3 Advantage
4 Value
5 Limitations
6 Development
== History ==
Solar photovoltaics have made some progress since the first practical photovoltaic cell appeared in 1954, but they are still much slower than computers.<ref>
language=en
</ref> The oil crisis in the 1970s and the environmental pollution in the 1990s made great progress. With the continuous improvement of people's awareness of energy and environmental pollution issues and the policies issued by local governments, the rapid development of the photovoltaic industry has been stimulated and the utilization of solar energy has attracted the attention of all countries in the world.<ref>
website=kns.cnki.net
</ref>
== Theory and Appliance ==
9BB means nine busbars, a solar module contained nine busbars are mentioned as a 9BB solar panel. The more busbars a solar panel has, the more electricity it can conduct. There are already have 5BB, 4BB, and 3BB on the market.
For Solar energy is the fastest growing and most affordable source of new electricity in America. Over 3 million installations have been built across the country—with 1 million being built in the last two years. As the cost of solar energy systems dropped significantly, more Americans and businesses have taken advantage of clean energy.<ref>
access-date=2022-04-27
</ref>
There are many practical applications for the use of solar panels or photovoltaics. It can first be used in agriculture as a power source for irrigation. In health care solar panels can be used to refrigerate medical supplies. It can also be used for infrastructure. PV modules are used in photovoltaic systems and include a large variety of electric devices:
l Photovoltaic power stations
l Rooftop solar PV systems
l Standalone PV systems
l Solar hybrid power systems
l Concentrated photovoltaics
l Solar planes
l Solar-powered water purification
l Solar-pumped lasers
l Solar vehicles
l Solar panels on spacecraft and space stations
=== What is a busbar? ===
Busbars are current-conducting. They conduct the direct current(DC) generated by the solar photovoltaic(PV) cell. Busbars are the vertical lines manufactured from silver paste or high conductivity wires, that carry the cumulative current of fingers & are used to interconnect alternative cells, to develop the module. These sophisticated pieces of technology create complicated power distribution easier, more cost-effective, and more flexible.
=== What are fingers? ===
The fingers are metallic and ultra-thin. They typically run perpendicular to the busbars, assembling the generated DC and delivering it to the busbars for conductivity. There’s no customary for the amount of fingers. It depends on how far apart the solar busbars are spaced.
== Advantage ==
=== 9BB solar cells have less internal resistance loss than 5BB solar cells ===
The number of busbars affects resistance losses, and therefore the increasing distance between two metal contacts causes resistance losses. 9BB cells have more busbars than 5BB cells, which reduces internal resistance loss by creating the bus spacing smaller, extending the lifetime of the cells.
As within the water transmission example mentioned above, 5BB equals five pumps, and 9BB equals nine pumps. Inside the specified limits, nine pumps (9BB) are nearer to each other than five pumps (5BB), and more water may be collected with less loss.<ref name=":0">
language=en
</ref>
=== Micro-cracks have a lower impact on 9BB solar cells ===
Micro-fractures, conjointly called micro-cracks, is a kind of solar cell deterioration that may influence the energy production of a solar electrical phenomenon system, moreover as well as its longevity.
The solar panel consists of cells in parallel, that are divided into items by the busbars. Once cracks appear in the same space, 1/9 of 9BB cells are going to be affected whereas the 5BB one is 1/5.
Let's bring this setup to the instance of water transmission, wherever 9BB has nine pumps, and 5BB has five pumps. If one pump is broken, 9BB leaves eight pumps to gather water, whereas 5BB solely has four pumps.
=== 9BB solar panels have a better conversion rate than 5BB solar cells ===
In principle, the amount of busbars is proportional to the performance of solar panels. Beneath ideal conditions, the more busbars in a solar cell, the upper the solar module's performance. 9BB solar panels are better than 5BB solar panels supported this general guideline.<ref name=":0" />
== Value ==
A clean energy revolution is taking place across America, underscored by the steady expansion of the U.S. renewable energy sector.
The clean energy industry generates hundreds of billions in economic activity, and is expected to continue to grow rapidly in the coming years. There is tremendous economic opportunity for the countries that invent, manufacture and export clean energy technologies.
Responsible development of all of America’s rich energy resources -- including solar, wind, water, geothermal, bioenergy & nuclear -- will help ensure America’s continued leadership in clean energy. Moving forward, the Energy Department will continue to drive strategic investments in the transition to a cleaner, domestic and more secure energy future.<ref>
title=Clean Energy
</ref>
== Limitation ==
=== Impact on electricity network ===
With the increasing levels of rooftop photovoltaic systems, the energy flow becomes 2-way. When there is more local generation than consumption, electricity is exported to the grid. However, an electricity network traditionally is not designed to deal with the 2- way energy transfer. Therefore, some technical issues may occur. For example, in Queensland Australia, more than 30% of households used rooftop PV by the end of 2017. The famous Californian 2020 duck curve appeared often for a lot of communities from 2015 onwards. An over-voltage issue may result as the electricity flows from PV households back to the network.<ref>
title=Power Quality and Rooftop-Photovoltaic Households: An Examination of Measured Data at Point of Customer Connection
</ref> There are solutions to manage the over voltage issue, such as regulating PV inverter power factor, new voltage and energy control equipment at the electricity distributor level, re-conducting the electricity wires, demand side management, etc. There are often limitations and costs related to these solutions.
When electric networks are down, such as during the October 2019 California power shutoff, solar panels are often insufficient to fully provide power to a house or other structure, because they are designed to supply power to the grid, not directly to homes.<ref>
title=Californians Learning That Solar Panels Don't Work in Blackouts
</ref>
=== Implication onto electricity bill management and energy investment ===
There is no silver bullet in electricity or energy demand and bill management, because customers (sites) have different specific situations, e.g. different comfort/convenience needs, different electricity tariffs, or different usage patterns. Electricity tariff may have a few elements, such as daily access and metering charge, energy charge (based on kWh, MWh) or peak demand charge (e.g. a price for the highest 30min energy consumption in a month). PV is a promising option for reducing energy charge when electricity price is reasonably high and continuously increasing, such as in Australia and Germany. However, for sites with peak demand charge in place, PV may be less attractive if peak demands mostly occur in the late afternoon to early evening, for example residential communities. Overall, energy investment is largely an economical decision and it is better to make investment decisions based on systematical evaluation of options in operational improvement, energy efficiency, onsite generation and energy storage.<ref>
Cite web
</ref><ref>
title=Involving occupants in net-zero-energy solar housing retrofits: An Australian sub-tropical case study
</ref>
== Development ==
With the continuous improvement of solar photovoltaic power generation technology, new ideas have been opened up for industrial development, and the market prospect is increasingly broad. <ref>
Cite journal
</ref>Whether because of a reduction in energy or because of increased awareness, solar photovoltaics are growing in popularity. Experts predict that by 2050, solar photovoltaics will account for 13-15% of total electricity generation.
As the research report shows, the market share of 3,4,5 busbars solar panel will become less and reduce year by year from 2018 to 2029. In constant, 6 and more busbars and busbarless will take more place over 2018 to 2029.<ref>
Cite web
</ref>
== References ==
reflist
⚠️🚨COPIED from EverybodyWiki ❗❕⚠️😡😤Please respect Licence CC-BY-SA ❗
Source Wikipedia
